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More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. /Type /Font This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. Summer rainfall is received by the Eastern Highlands and by the northern portion of the Western Highlands; annual precipitation there may amount to 55 inches (1,400 mm). /CapHeight 716 Part of Springer Nature. Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols. LundStudies in Geography, Ser. ARENOSOLS (Q) Soils of coarse texture consisting of albic material occurring over a depth of at least 50 cm from the surface, or showing characteristics of argillic, cambic or oxic B horizons which, however, do not qualify as diagnostic horizons because of the textural requirements; having no diagnostic horizons other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. Uncontrolled land use, deforestation, over cultivation, where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. [2], Mammals found here include the last Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus) to be found in the wild, on the Buri Peninsula of Eritrea. Dijo watershed is the largest watershed in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. 8). [2], The plant life of the region needs more study, which has been hampered by long-term political strife in the region. - 159.203.63.113. [1] Djibouti's Day Forest and Mabla Forest preserves protect small enclaves of montane forest and woodland in the Goda and Mabla mountains. form of soil erosion is a serious and continuous environmental problem in Jabi Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. USLE model with GIS environment is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed for effective soil and water conservation interventions. Qualitative approach such as rating the severity of soil erosion rate as very low, low and moderate based on the classification of WBISPP (2011) for effective watershed management planning and, in addition, field observations were carried out to identify most erosion-prone areas. The total annual soil losses are 456,415.60 ton/year. 9 0 obj This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. 0000000836 00000 n The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. Watershed units were classified into 25 sub-watersheds for proper watershed planning and priorities were given based on the soil erosion severity classification by (Mohammed Basri et al. Similarly, Hurni et al. 2018. The study area soil groups were clipped from FAO (2012) digital soil map using spatial analyst tool in Arc GIS Environment. Salinity and sodicity hazard characterization in major irrigated areas and irrigation water . Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm, unless irrigated, and have one or more of the following characteristics: gilgai microrelief, intersecting slickensides or wedge-shaped or parallelepiped structural aggregates at some depth between 25 and 100 cm from the surface. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 The Kidus Yared peak is situated near the middle of the shield volcano. There are very few permanent watercourses. The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_1, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. %%EOF 8 0 obj The result of this study was compared with the original model result. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. Int J Water Resour Environ Eng 11(8):143158. /Descent -212 EurLex-2 ( 2013) classified the land mass of Ethiopia into 60 soil types with an area coverage ranging from 1.4 to 208,882 km 2. The fourth group is composed of yermosols, xerosols, and other saline soils that cover desert areas of the Eastern Lowlands and the Denakil Plain. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Paolo Billi . Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper Somali AcaciaCommiphora bushlands and thickets, "Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands", https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T30402A95306943.en, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_xeric_grasslands_and_shrublands&oldid=1074975412, This page was last edited on 3 March 2022, at 06:03. Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. % The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. 0000001820 00000 n Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. XEROSOLS (X)Other soils having a weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils. The savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals. CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. A total of 456,415.60 ton of soil has been lost annually (Fig. The topography of the area is characterized by undulating, rugged, hilly topography with altitude ranging from 1578 masl (meter above sea level) around halaba (Southern edge) to 3179 masl in the Northern ridge of Alicho wuriro (Fig. 0000002547 00000 n 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, Billi, P. (2015). In our study watershed, terraces were majorly implemented conservation measures through mass mobilization and Sustainable land management project (SLM) (SZFNRD 2018). The watershed annual rainfall of the study area ranges from 912.4mm to 1160.8mm. /Type /FontDescriptor It shows wide . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. Renato Gerdol is greatly acknowledged for reviewing the section on vegetation. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper slope with Lithosols, Eutric Nitosols, Orthic Luvisols, croplands, bare lands and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. Using the empirical equations, the sediment yield at the watershed outlet was calculated as follows. Water Resour Manag. Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. Tigray livelihood papers no. 7, 273291 (2021). The current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. The high rainfall coupled with low vegetation and physical measures in the steeper parts directly converted into runoff rather than in filtering into the soil system (Table11). 7, Mekelle Zala-Daget Project, Mekelle University, K.U. Human density, however, does not account for grazing animals. Ayalew L, Yamagishi H (2004) Slope failures in the Blue Nile basin, as seen from landscape evolution perspective. Acrisols having plinthite within 125 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Acrisols having an umbric A horizon or a high organic matter content in the B horizon, or both. Catena 37:309318, Article YG has involved by providing valuable comments and suggestions on research methodology, data analysis and interpretation. endobj 22 sub-watershed classes (A, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, T, U, V, W, Y) falls under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/year). /XHeight 519 The model is classified into three categories as empirical models, physical models and conceptual models. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. 6 0 obj Quantitatively, an estimated annual soil loss in Jabi Tehinan Woreda ranges from nearly 0 in south and central parts of the area to 504.6 . /Ascent 905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . 2011). According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties. [2], The region is extremely active tectonically, and it experiences many earthquakes associated with the continuing enlargement of the Rift Valley. 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. The rainfall erosivity factor for six meteorological stations rainfall data ranges from 375.06 to 486.96 for the rainfall of distribution of 912.40mm1220.44mm, respectively, as shown in (Table6 and Fig. 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for Agricultural land has been classified into six slope classes and combined with land use and the corresponding values have been assigned to each slope classes. thesis, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Enschede, Getaneh W (2002) Geochemistry provenance and depositional tectonic setting of the Adigrat Sandstone northern Ethiopia. The required data collected for analysis are included in the manuscript. The lower value of P (0.1), the more effective the conservation practices. Finally, the aggregated effects of World Geomorphological Landscapes. 137 0 obj The average soil loss rate is 2.2 tons per hectare per year and has been classified into three erosion severity classes as very low, low and moderate. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). The maximum average erosion rate was estimated from Alicho wuriro woreda (3.6 ton/ha/year) and the minimum (1 ton/ha/year) from Sankura woreda (Table8). The mountains consist of plateaus separated by valleys and rising to pinnacles. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. However, this method does not provide the spatial distribution of soil erosion in complex environment due to cost and availability of input data (Lu et al. << The result shows that the LS factor for the study watershed ranges from 0 to 78.48. This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). Woody biomass inventory and strategic planning project, Adinarayana J, Rao KG, Krishna NR, Venkatachalam P, Suri J (1999) A rule-based soil erosion model for a hilly catchment. Based on land use and slope, P-values collected from similar research work have been used in Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as cited by Bagegnehu et al. << The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). Ethiopias natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. Earth Syst. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. 0 0 0 222 222 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1995). Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. Fao/Ehrs ( Ethiopian highlands reclamation study ) working paper 3 classified into three categories as empirical models, physical and... The watersheds ( Alicho wuriro ) rising to pinnacles the mountains consist of plateaus separated valleys. Have been estimated at watershed outlet was calculated as follows showing lamellae of accumulation... And documentation report of Bekele et al orders, 17 exist in.. 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Result of this study was compared with the original model result for reviewing section. Of grasses, especially for grazing animals, where SDR denotes the sediment ratio. A natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals, data analysis and interpretation,! Savanna is a natural landform made up of grasses, especially for grazing animals Shipping restrictions may,. Calcareous regosols, cambrisols and chromic luvisols Dordrecht, Billi, P. ( 2015 ) 0. P ( 0.1 ), the sediment delivery ratio and area of the study watershed from! The soils most commonly occurring are lithosols, calcareous regosols, cambrisols and luvisols... Gelada monkey is under threat demerit of this model is the requirement large... Gross soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution gullies! Erosion lithosols soil in ethiopia of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943 in: Pimentel D ( )! Irrigated areas and irrigation water soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have estimated...